Dosa: Hatred
Dosa is aversion, one of the three roots of unwholesome action. Being handed a victory does not put the sword in a man's hand twice, yet the killing ran on well past the point of winning, the way a fire jumps from the hearth to the floorboards. By the end the battle was being fought for the burning itself.
Pāṇātipāta: Killing living beings
Pāṇātipāta is the taking of life, first of the precepts to fall. The men cut down at Samaria's gate were close kin to the men swinging at them, and serving as somebody else's instrument does not leave the hand that swings empty. Every one of those deaths was done by a particular person to a particular person.
Kamma: Action and its fruit
Kamma is deed together with the result that ripens from it. A rage that reaches up to heaven is a deed entered in the books; it does not evaporate when the shouting dies down. An army that has just watched Judah collect what Judah earned is now walking home under the same accounting.
Vera: Enmity
Vera is standing hostility, the debt one side owes and the other means to collect. Brothers fell here, and the two hundred thousand roped together for the march north are the next generation's reason to march south. Hatred answered with hatred keeps the road between the two cities open in both directions.
Ottappa: Dread of wrongdoing
Ottappa is the shrinking back from an act because of the harm in it. Somewhere in that field it quit working, and once nobody flinched there was nothing left standing between an armed man and a beaten one. Called a guardian of the world, its absence looks exactly like a victory that would not stop.
Kalyāṇamitta: Good friend
A kalyāṇamitta is the companion who says the useful thing rather than the welcome one. Oded steps out alone into the road to tell soldiers flush with triumph that what they have brought back is a crime. Anyone can cheer an army home; the friend is the one blocking its path.