Ṣuḥba: Keeping company on the road
Sufis call this ṣuḥba and treat it as half the training. Nobody ripens alone, since the habits a person cannot see in themselves show up in how they handle the people beside them. Patience gets built by people who test it, and this growth happens between people rather than in private.
Tawḥīd: God's oneness
Tawḥīd is the Sufi word for everything tracing back to a single source. When people argue over belief, each one is usually defending the piece visible from where they stand, and the arguing feeds on that. As the one thing they are all aiming at comes into focus, positions loosen and people find themselves together without having negotiated it.
Maʿrifa: Knowing God firsthand
Maʿrifa is knowing by having been through something. Al-Ghazali put it bluntly: knowing the definition of drunkenness is not the same as being drunk. Facts about God can be picked up in an afternoon and repeated at will, while this other knowing arrives slowly and shows up in how someone behaves under pressure.
Maqāmāt: Stations along the way
The Sufis mapped the road as a series of stations, each one resting on the one before. Nobody jumps from the first to the last; patience has to settle before trust does, and trust before ease. When a person feels stuck for years on the same lesson, that long stretch is where the change sets, and ground skipped over tends to give way later.
Take on the character traits of God: maturity is measured in character
Sufis repeat this line constantly, and al-Ghazali built much of his teaching around it. Since God is described as generous, patient, and forgiving, growing up means carrying those qualities at human size, in ordinary hours, with ordinary people. Progress then gets measured by how someone treats a person who has nothing to offer them.
Al-Insān al-Kāmil: The complete human being
Ibn Arabi used the term for the person in whom every quality of God appears together and in balance. Most of us run heavy in one and thin in another: kind but easily pushed around, or strong but hard on people. The complete person holds the whole set in proportion, and keeping that picture in view stops anyone from mistaking one strong quality for the whole of being grown up.