Taṇhā: Craving
Thirst is the pull toward whatever pleases the senses. Everything on this list is lovely: bright children, a sanctuary worth looking at, and thirst gathers nowhere else, since nobody thirsts after what they find ugly. The eye keeps going back to what it loves the way a tongue keeps going back to a sore tooth, and every return tightens the hold.
Mada: Intoxication
Intoxication is the giddiness of health, standing, and vigor. Pride in the sanctuary and in their own strength is what makes a single day enough to level them, because ground that feels solid underfoot is never watched. A drunk man walks home confidently and learns his condition on the step he misses.
Upādāna: Clinging
Clinging is the grip that closes around what is held. A heart set on sons, on daughters, on a house of stone has moved itself into those things, so whatever is done to them is done to the one who set it there. Grab a rope tied to a moving cart and you no longer decide where you go.
Anicca: Impermanence
Impermanence is the plain fact that everything holdable ends. Strength, glory, and children were already on their way out before any announcement, and the day of taking only makes visible a condition they carried the whole time, the way termites eat a house for years and it falls in one afternoon. The afternoon gets the attention; the eating did the work.
Piyavippayoga: Parting from what is dear
Separation from the loved is one of the named forms of suffering. Ezekiel buried his wife under orders not to weep, and now the same stroke is promised to everyone watching: the desire of the eyes removed, sons and daughters taken. Anyone who has loved a person has already accepted one of two endings, leaving or being left.
Saṃvega: Urgency
Urgency is the jolt that turns a person toward practice. Standing dry-eyed beside his wife's grave, the prophet is getting the shock into the watchers early, while the city still stands and something can still be done with the warning. A doctor's face in the waiting room changes a smoker faster than years of warnings do.