Shawq: Longing
Shawq names the ache for someone absent. It comes out strongest at night, when the day's noise dies down and a person finds out what they have been missing since morning. Sufis read that ache as evidence of nearness, since nobody misses what they have never tasted.
Qiyām al-layl: Standing in prayer at night
Sufis built their nights on the Quran's call to rise and keep watch while others sleep. Night takes away the audience, so whatever a person says then is said to God alone. A tired, unguarded heart tends to say what it means, and the tradition trusted those hours for that reason.
Ikhlāṣ: Sincerity
Ikhlāṣ means wanting God for God, with nothing else mixed in. The unwatched hours test it, since no one will hear about what happens there and no credit comes back. Al-Ghazali wrote at length on how mixed our motives usually are, and when nobody is around, showing off has nothing to feed on.
Whoever comes to me walking, I come to them running: the seeking is answered from the other side
These words come from a saying the Prophet reported from God. Anyone searching a long time starts to wonder whether the effort runs in only one direction. The saying answers that worry plainly: whatever ground a person covers, more ground is covered toward them.
Ibtilā': Being tested
Ibtilā' is the tradition's word for trouble that arrives as teaching. People rarely change while everything is working, and a hard stretch pulls attention off small things and puts the large questions back in view. Sufis read the shaking as attention rather than abandonment, which is why a stripped season often makes people honest faster than a comfortable one.
Taqwā: Keeping God in view
Taqwā means going through an ordinary day with God in mind. Fear cracks a person open, but on its own it fades once the pressure lifts, and the tradition cares about the carefulness that stays afterward. The mark of it is small and steady: a person weighs what they say and do, because they take seriously that they are seen.