Dukkha: Suffering
Dukkha is the ache woven into conditioned life. Anguish of soul is where the seeing begins: he does not get around the pain on his way to the light, he goes through the middle of it, the way a fever has to break before the body cools. Suffering faced all the way down becomes the thing that teaches; suffering fled from only repeats.
Khanti: Patient endurance
Khanti is the strength to take harm and let it stop there. Bearing iniquities is weight on the shoulders: what others did lands on him and travels no further, the way a fuse burns out so the rest of the house is spared. He was led like a lamb and did not open his mouth, and that silence is where the chain of harm ends.
Karuṇā: Compassion
Karuṇā is the heart's motion toward someone in pain. The many are what the whole labor is for; his own vindication arrives almost as a byproduct of work done for people who never asked for it. A parent sitting up all night with a sick child is not counting the cost, and the servant's bearing works the same way.
Ñāṇadassana: Knowledge and vision
Ñāṇadassana is direct seeing, the kind that ends guessing. Light arriving after long dark is the oldest way to describe waking up: the room was always as it is, the lamp is what changed. Knowledge of himself is knowledge paid for in his own body, and that is the only kind that can be handed to many without going stale.
Katakaraṇīya: The work is done
Katakaraṇīya is the settled knowing that the task is finished. Being satisfied is a farmer's feeling at the end of harvest: back sore, nothing left owing. He looks at what the suffering produced and finds it enough, and wanting nothing further is the whole of it.
Kamma: Deeds and their fruit
Kamma is the rule that deeds ripen back on the one who did them. Carrying another's iniquities cuts against that at first hearing, since a debt of action cannot be lifted off one person and set on another. The knowledge is what passes between them: he takes the blow, returns nothing, and shows the many how their own load was packed, which is how they learn to set it down.