Dukkha: Suffering
Dukkha is the pressure inside things that cannot hold. A day of affliction arrives as the day all the ordinary ones were leaning toward, the way a roof shows its leak only when the rain finally comes. Jeremiah, told to keep no wedding and attend no funeral, watches the settled life of a whole people come apart, and the coming apart is what teaches.
Saraṇa: Going for refuge
Saraṇa is what you run to when it counts. Strength, stronghold, refuge: three words for one thing, and all three are tested by the day, never by the calm weather before it. A shelter is only known to be a shelter in the storm, and every other shelter these neighbors ran to has just been shown to have no walls.
Paramparā: Handed down by lineage
Paramparā is the weight carried by "this is what we were given." Walking from the ends of the earth, the nations say out loud that the reason a thing was held, that the fathers held it, was no reason at all. The Kālāmas were told the same: long descent and repetition settle nothing, so look and see for yourself, which is the whole meaning of that long walk.
Micchādiṭṭhi: Wrong view
Micchādiṭṭhi is a view aimed slightly off. "Lies" need not mean anyone lied; the fathers may have believed every word and passed it on in good faith, and it still came out crooked in their sons' hands. A map drawn honestly and drawn wrong still walks you into the swamp.
Asāra: Without heartwood
Asāra names anything with no heartwood in it. The final line of the ledger reads "no profit": the idols were fed, carried, dressed, and they gave nothing back. A man goes into the forest wanting heartwood, comes home with an armful of twigs and bark, and is pleased with the load until he tries to build with it.
Kammadāyāda: Heir to one's own deeds
Kammadāyāda holds that the only estate anyone receives is their own doing. The inheritance runs the other way from what these sons assumed: the fathers handed down the shrines, and the sons still had to cross the earth on their own feet. Nobody inherits a seeing, and nobody is finally stuck with a father's error either.