Taṇhā: Thirst
Taṇhā is thirst, the pull toward whatever promises to end the pulling. Nobody swings a pick at limestone through a whole summer unless something in them is parched, and that parched feeling does the forsaking long before the first stone comes loose. Thirst wants water it can own and count: standing water, in a hole, with a name on it, close enough to visit whenever the wanting returns.
Upādāna: Clinging
Upādāna is the grip that takes something up and will not set it down. "For themselves" carries the whole trouble: water is fine, but it has to be walled and sealed and kept within reach after dark, under a lid only you can lift. Cupped hands hold water as long as they stay cupped, and the strain of that holding, hour after hour, is where the ache lives.
Saṅkhāra: Constructed Things
Saṅkhārā are assembled things, and assembled things come apart. A cistern is chiseled, plastered, patched, every inch of it somebody's handiwork, and handiwork starts showing cracks by the second season. The spring never called for a mason; anything hewn out by hand has to be kept up by hand, and that upkeep never ends, which describes most of what we build to feel secure.
Dukkha: Unsatisfactoriness
Dukkha is the way every arrangement comes up short. Cracked plaster keeps quiet about itself: you haul jars up the hill all through the rains, pour them in, then come back at noon in the dry months and find mud at the bottom. The water was good, and the container could never keep it; that gap between filling and finding it empty is the ache itself.
Amata: The Deathless
Amata is the undying. Living water, in that dry country, means running water, and a spring is worth the walk because nothing in it is stored: it cannot be used up, and it cannot be carried home. Israel's failing is one of location, leaving where water rises for where water sits still, trading a walk every morning for one hard week with a chisel.