Pamāda: Heedlessness
Pamāda is the slack inattention that lets practice slip. Israel drifts the way a boat drifts once its rope works loose from the dock, a little at a time, quietly, until the shore is out of sight. Nothing was broken and nothing was decided; watchfulness simply lapsed, which is why a call shouted across that whole distance can still be heard and answered.
Saṃvega: Urgency
Saṃvega is the jolt that gets a person up and moving. These words are aimed north, toward people already carried off and settling into a borrowed life, and a shout carries that far only by landing as a shock. It works like the smell of smoke in a sleeping house: unwelcome for a moment, and the reason anyone reaches the door in time.
Paṭikamma: Making amends
Paṭikamma is owning a fault and setting it right. "Return" is the whole instruction, one word, with no ledger to settle first and no waiting period named. Someone who sees a transgression as a transgression and makes amends is counted as growing in the training, so the first step back down that road is already growth, not a debt still being worked off.
Upanāha: Bearing a grudge
Upanāha is anger kept and fed long after the moment that caused it. Anger that will not be held forever is anger set down, like a hot coal a person finally drops instead of gripping in order to throw it. The one holding the grievance lets go first here, before any apology arrives, and that is what leaves the northern road open in both directions.
Mettā: Loving-kindness
Mettā is goodwill offered ahead of any accounting. "For I am merciful" is given as the reason to come home, spoken while the wandering is still going on. Warmth like that arrives before the change it makes possible, the way a lamp left burning in a window does the quiet work of calling someone back across the dark.