Alast: The day every soul already said yes to God
Sufis speak of a moment before birth when every soul heard God ask who its Lord was, and answered yes. That answer stays buried under a lifetime of noise, which is why hearing about God secondhand can feel thin and borrowed. Everyone arriving at the same knowing, unlettered and learned alike, works like a return to something already agreed.
Maʿrifa: Knowing God firsthand
Sufis call knowing God firsthand maʿrifa, and keep it apart from holding facts about him. Facts pass easily between people; a child can repeat a teacher's words and get every one of them right. Knowing him firsthand settles inside a person the way you come to know a friend, and once it does, nobody needs to be told.
Dhawq: Tasting
Al-Ghazali used tasting for the knowing that only comes from going through something yourself. He compared it to the gap between knowing the definition of drunkenness and being drunk, where the definition changes nothing. Neighbors explaining God to each other can only describe the meal, while what is promised here is being fed.
God's mercy outruns his anger: mercy gets there first
The Prophet reported these as God's own words. Most people assume the ledger is the main event, and that mercy shows up late, once enough has been paid off. Mercy arriving first means the pardon is what opens the door to knowing, not a prize handed to those who already know.
Whoever turns back from a sin is like someone who never sinned: the past stops counting
A saying of the Prophet that Sufis repeat often. Forgiveness that still keeps a record leaves a person braced for the old thing to be raised again, and that bracing keeps a wall up. Forgetting on God's side means nothing is being held in reserve, so a person can come close without flinching.
Tasfiyat al-qalb: Clearing the heart
Al-Ghazali taught that the heart shows God the way a mirror shows a face, once the grime is wiped off. Guilt is heavy grime, and a person carrying it spends their attention on themselves, on the debt, on the record. With the wrong wiped and uncounted, that attention comes free, and God stops being a subject to argue about.