God alone is the doer: one hand behind both the gift and the loss
Al-Ghazali comes back to this line again and again. When a life caves in, the mind races to assign blame: bad luck, enemies, some old mistake. Holding that a single hand stands behind the good years and the ruined ones stops that search cold, and a person is left dealing with God rather than with a pile of causes.
Shukr: Gratitude for what was given
Al-Ghazali treats thankfulness and endurance as two halves of one thing. Someone stripped of everything can still remember that none of it was owed to them in the first place. Counting the good already received makes the loss feel less like a theft and more like something borrowed being handed back.
Riḍā: Contentment with what God sends
The heart stops arguing with what has already happened. A person in ruin usually spends the whole day rerunning it, wishing one detail had gone another way. Contentment ends that rerun, and the strength that was going into protest returns to the business of living.
Ṣabr: Steady endurance under pain
Patience of this kind never pretends the pain is small. Someone who has lost health, family, and standing feels every hour of it. Staying put under that weight without turning bitter or lashing out at the nearest person is the whole work, and it gets done hour by hour.
The most severely tested people are the prophets: hardship can track nearness
A saying of the Prophet, repeated often by the Sufis. The quiet fear under heavy suffering is that it proves God has walked away. Reading it the other direction, the ones closest to God have often been hit hardest, so the pain stays as heavy as ever while it stops counting as evidence against a person's standing.
Ḥifẓ al-lisān: Guarding the tongue
The Sufis watched their speech most carefully when under pressure. Grief loosens the mouth first: the bitter remark, the accusation flung upward, the words that cannot be pulled back. Keeping speech steady while everything else shakes stops the ruin from spreading into the one thing a person still holds.