Zuhd: Renunciation
Al-Ghazali's point is that the letting go happens in the heart before it happens with the hands. A person can hand everything over and still count it, still ache for it, still feel smaller without it. The grip loosens when possessions stop feeling like the thing holding your life up, and after that, opening the hand costs almost nothing.
Tawakkul: Trust in God's provision
Under the tight fist sits a simple fear: if this goes, nothing will come to replace it. Trust here means a settled sense that tomorrow is already looked after, so today's supply does not have to be stockpiled. As that settles in, generosity stops feeling like a risk and starts feeling ordinary.
Īthār: Putting others ahead of yourself
The Quran praises people who give away what they needed themselves, with their own hardship still on them. Giving from leftovers costs nothing and changes nothing inside; giving from what you were counting on is where the grip opens. Someone else's need begins to weigh more than your own cushion, and the giving follows without much of a fight.
You own only what you ate, wore out, or gave away: the rest is passing through
A saying of the Prophet puts it that plainly, against the habit of calling things my money, my house, my land. Anything held is on its way to being spent, broken, stolen, or handed to someone after you die. The part already given is the part that stays yours, kept somewhere theft and wear never reach.
Ikhlāṣ: Sincerity
Al-Ghazali warns that a gift given to be seen has already been paid for, in praise, with nothing left over. The giver who needs the thank-you, the mention, the good name collects the whole reward on the spot and keeps none of it. Giving that nobody watches holds its full worth, because none of it depends on being remembered by people.