Ghafla: Heedlessness, the slow drift into forgetting
Al-Ghazali describes it as a fog that thickens quietly while a person goes about the day. Nobody decides in the morning to let go of what matters to them; they simply stop having it in view, and by noon it is gone. The loss happens without any moment of choosing, which is exactly what makes it hard to catch.
Dhikr: Remembrance, keeping God in mind
Sufis build their whole practice on it, since the Quran ties God's remembering of us to our remembering of Him. The mind holds almost nothing on its own, so the tradition leans on repeated words, set hours, and small physical habits. A short phrase said at a fixed time lands better than good intentions, because it arrives before a person drifts rather than after.
Hawā: Following your own craving
The Quran's word for it names the heart's leaning, whichever direction it happens to tip that day. A leaning always feels like a preference and never like being led, so people mistake their appetite for their judgment. Once someone can feel the pull as a pull, it stops passing itself off as a decision.
Ghaḍḍ al-baṣar: Lowering the gaze
The Quran asks for this plainly, and Sufis take it as care about what you let in, not only modesty. The eye takes something in, the mind starts turning it over, and the wanting shows up long after the looking made it possible. Stopping it at the first glance costs almost nothing, while stopping it three days later costs a great deal.
Worship God as though you see Him, and if you do not see Him, He sees you: being seen changes what you do
The Prophet said this when asked what excellence in religion means. Anyone who has worked alone and then had someone walk in knows the shift; the same job suddenly gets done properly. Carrying the sense of being seen turns a duty from something checked off into something done with care.
'Amal: Putting what you know into practice
Al-Ghazali built his great book on the point that knowledge never reaching your hands rots where it sits. Remembering feels like progress and is pleasant, so people mistake the warm feeling of agreeing with something for having done it. The distance between knowing and doing closes only in the ordinary act itself, on the day it comes up.