Apacāyana: Paying homage
Apacāyana is the bodily act of honoring, counted among the ordinary merits available to anyone. Bowing toward the temple rather than inside it matters: the direction carries the whole gesture, like a letter addressed to a house you cannot reach. Knees and forehead finish what the heart began, and the feeling is completed by the act rather than merely shown by it.
Kataññutā: Gratitude
Kataññutā is knowing what has been done for you, and it is held to be a rare quality. The thanks rising toward a Name here comes after a call was answered, the way you remember the stranger who stopped for your broken-down car on a dark road. The debt is remembered, not repaid, and the remembering is the whole of the virtue.
Mettā: Loving kindness
Mettā is unconditional goodwill, the wish that beings be well. Giving thanks for loving kindness lands the praise on the quality itself rather than on the favor received: warmth wide enough to fall on everyone, the way sunlight covers a whole field and not one chosen row. Admiring it starts the work of having it, since the heart takes the shape of what it honors.
Sacca: Truth
Sacca carries both truth as a fact and truthfulness as a practice inside one word. Loving kindness and truth arrive here paired, and paired is how they work: warmth without honesty slides into flattery, honesty without warmth goes cold. Together they hold weight, like the two wheels of a cart, neither of which does anything alone.
Gārava: Reverence for what stands highest
Gārava is holding something as weighty and above yourself. After his awakening the Buddha searched for something worth honoring, found nothing higher than the Dhamma, and lived under it; exalting a Word above all other things is the same movement. Setting something over your own head is what makes the opening bow possible, since nobody bows to what stands at eye level.