Mīthāq: The pledge every soul made before it was born
Sufis point to the moment in the Quran when God asks every soul, before birth, if he is their Lord, and each answers yes. The day is forgotten, but the yes stays in the person, which is why moral knowledge often arrives feeling older than the one who has it. Someone never taught a rule can still know, the second they see cruelty, that it is wrong, and the knowing feels like remembering.
Fiṭra: The original nature a person is born with
A saying of the Prophet has it that every child comes into the world with this nature already intact. No one starts empty, so the sense that lying and betrayal are wrong sits underneath whatever a person was later taught. Even someone raised to be hard still flinches at certain things, and the flinch is the older layer showing through.
Qalb: The heart as the part of you that knows
Al-Ghazali compared the heart to a mirror. Clean, it shows things as they are; covered in the film that comes from habitual lying and grabbing, it shows less and less. The writing sits on every heart, but how much of it a person can read depends on how clouded the surface has become.
Khawāṭir: The thoughts that arrive on their own
Sufi teachers watched incoming thoughts closely and asked where each one came from. One pushes hard for the excuse, another refuses to let the matter drop, and the person is the one listening rather than either voice. The sorting matters, because the thought that lets you off the hook is usually the one that wants something.
Al-nafs al-lawwāma: The self that blames itself
The Quran names a self that turns and reproaches itself, and Sufis treat this as a stage of growth. The sting after a small meanness, hours later, when nobody saw it, shows the inner witness still working. Someone who feels nothing after doing harm has lost that witness, and the discomfort is the part still holding the line.
Consult your heart, even after people have given you their answer: the inner test outlasts the verdict
A man asked the Prophet about right and wrong and got this back, along with a plain test. Doing right leaves the chest settled; wrongdoing keeps turning over inside, even when you have a good argument ready and everyone agrees. The unease that stays after the argument is won is what the heart reports, and reasons cannot talk it down.